BIAV Guidance

Staying on Top of Bovine Influenza A Virus (BIAV)

As you may be aware, BIAV, previously called High Pathologic Avian Influenza (HPAI), in dairy cattle has continued to spread outside of Texas. Currently, farms in Michigan, Idaho, Texas, Kansas, New Mexico, South Dakota, North Carolina, and Ohio have had cows with confirmed positive BIAV tests. Armor Animal Health’s Professional Veterinarian staff is available to work with you through this animal health challenge and to share precautionary steps toward upholding the highest standards of the health of your animals. Biosecurity is the first step you can take to protect your farm. Here are steps Armor Animal Health will take to contribute to the biosecurity of your farm.

Our drivers will use disposable gloves and boots in between farm deliveries.
Our sales team will call and/or text prior to any on-farm appointments to eliminate unnecessary visits.
Every Armor Animal Health employee that visits a farm will wear boots (rubber or disposable) and will disinfect boots between farms and wear gloves when appropriate.

The American Association of Bovine Practitioners recommends calling this Bovine Influenza A Virus (BIAV) because this disease is NOT highly pathogenic in dairy cattle so far.

Our veterinary services team is dedicated to working with you to protect your farm. We will continue to follow this evolving situation and will provide periodic updated guidance directly to you. Please reach out to your Armor Animal Health veterinarian or sales representative with any questions or concerns you may have.

Bi-Weekly HPAI Updates for 9/26/25

1. HPAI Detected in Allegan County, Michigan.

The Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development has confirmed highly pathogenic avian influenza in a backyard flock in Allegan County, the first case there since 2022. While the public health risk remains low, bird owners are urged to strengthen biosecurity, watch for signs of illness, and report concerns immediately. More info: MDARD - Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)

2. HPAI Detected in Jefferson County, Wisconsin.

On September 24, Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 was confirmed in a commercial poultry flock in Jefferson County. While no cases have been detected in Wisconsin cattle, DATCP and the Department of Health Services advise livestock owners to strengthen biosecurity and for those working with animals to use CDC-recommended PPE. A 10 km control area has been established around the affected premises, restricting poultry movement, and producers are encouraged to check DATCP’s mapping tool for active zones. More info: DATCP Home Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Poultry

3. National Status

Livestock: One confirmed case in Nebraska.
Poultry: The National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) has confirmed 21 H5N1-positive flocks in the past 30 days across eight states: North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Montana, Michigan, New York, Maryland, and Georgia. The recently identified Wisconsin flock is not yet included in this total and will be added once NVSL finalizes their results.

4. State-Level H5N1 Classifications (per National Milk Testing Strategy)

Unaffected Status: Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and 21 additional states.

Ongoing testing and surveillance activities demonstrate absence of disease in dairy cattle in the State.

Affected Status: Texas, California, Nevada, Arizona, Idaho, and Nebraska.

Ongoing testing and surveillance activities demonstrate presence of disease in dairy cattle in the State.

Provisionally Unaffected: Oregon, Utah, North Dakota, South Dakota, Iowa, Tennessee, North Carolina, Florida, Maryland and Massachusetts.

As each State phases into the NMTS, the State’s status will be Provisional Unaffected, unless a new case of HPAI in dairy cattle has been confirmed in the State within the last 30 days or testing and surveillance activities demonstrating disease absence of H5 in dairy cattle herds in the State have not yet been completed.

Participation: Nearly all U.S. states are enrolled in the NMTS, except Alaska, Hawaii, Florida, Massachusetts, and North Dakota.

5. Wisconsin Testing

The Wisconsin Department of Agriculture has tested 18,352 bulk tank milk samples to date. All results have been negative.

Bi-Weekly HPAI Updates for 9/19/25

Key Updates

1. Nebraska – First Confirmed Case in Dairy Cattle

On September 15, 2025, the Nebraska Department of Agriculture (NDA) and USDA-APHIS confirmed the state’s first case of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in dairy cattle. The affected herd in central Nebraska has been quarantined.
Lab results indicate the strain is closely related to one previously identified in California. While mortality in cattle is rare, symptoms include decreased feed intake, nasal discharge, sharp drops in milk production, dehydration, fever, lethargy, and colostrum-like milk in late-lactation cows.
State Veterinarian Dr. Roger Dudley urges producers to practice strict biosecurity and consult veterinarians if symptoms arise. Suspected cases should be reported to NDA at 402-471-2351 or USDA at 866-536-7593.
The CDC advises that while human cases remain possible through direct contact, the overall public health risk is considered low.

2. National Status

Livestock: One confirmed case in Nebraska.
Poultry: Two additional commercial poultry operations in South Dakota confirmed positive within the past week.

3. State-Level H5N1 Classifications (per National Milk Testing Strategy)

Unaffected Status: Wisconsin, Minnesota, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and 22 additional states (following consecutive negative bulk milk tests).
Affected Status: Texas, California, Nevada, Arizona, Idaho, and Nebraska (confirmed dairy herd infections; not yet eligible for reclassification).
Participation: Nearly all U.S. states are enrolled in the NMTS, except Alaska, Hawaii, Florida, Massachusetts, and North Dakota.

4. Wisconsin Testing

Bi-Weekly HPAI Updates for 9/15/25

Testing in Wisconsin:
The Wisconsin Department of Agriculture has tested a total of 14,822 bulk tank milk samples. All results have been negative.
https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/AvianInfluenzaCattle.aspx
National Status:
No new confirmed H5N1 infections have been reported in U.S. livestock over the past two weeks.

In the past two weeks, 6 commercial poultry operations have tested positive across North Dakota, South Dakota, and Georgia.

State-Level H5N1 Classifications:

Wisconsin has earned Gold Status under USDA’s National Milk Testing Strategy, recognizing its successful statewide testing program for H5N1 across nearly all licensed dairy farms. Over 14,000 milk samples have been tested with no detections of the virus to date. With this milestone, the state will move to a reduced testing frequency while still maintaining ongoing surveillance through the Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Testing requirements for cattle movement remain in place, and DATCP will continue to provide regular updates and resources for producers and veterinarians.
Now Unaffected: Minnesota has been reclassified to Unaffected Status after consecutive negative bulk milk tests. Colorado and Ohio are also classified as unaffected.
Still Affected: Texas, California, Nevada, Arizona, and Idaho remain classified as H5N1 - affected under the National Milk Testing Strategy (NMTS). These states have had confirmed dairy herd infections and have no yet met the criteria for reclassification.
Program Participation: Nearly all U.S. states are participating in the NMTS apart from Alaska, Hawaii, Florida, Massachusetts, and North Dakota.

Bi-Weekly HPAI Updates for 8/29/25

Testing in Wisconsin:
The Wisconsin Department of Agriculture has tested a total of 13,498 bulk tank milk samples. All results have been negative.
https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/AvianInfluenzaCattle.aspx
National Status:
No new confirmed H5N1 infections have been reported in U.S. livestock or commercial poultry operations over the past two weeks.

State-Level H5N1 Classifications:

Still Affected: Texas, Minnesota, Michigan, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Arizona remain classified as H5N1-positive (not all bulk tanks have tested negative for 30 consecutive days).
Now Unaffected: Montana and Connecticut join 21 other states (including NY, CO, OH, SC, VA, MO, etc.) in being classified as H5N1-unaffected after all bulk tanks tested negative.
Program Participation: All U.S. states except North Dakota, Florida, Massachusetts, Alaska, and Hawaii are participating in the National Milk Testing Strategy.

Bi-Weekly HPAI Updates for 8/1/25

Testing in Wisconsin:
The Wisconsin Department of Agriculture has tested a total of 10,675 bulk tank milk samples. All results have been negative.
https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/AvianInfluenzaCattle.aspx
National Status: no change
No new confirmed H5N1 infections have been reported in U.S. livestock or commercial poultry operations over the past two weeks.
Vaccination Strategy in Focus for Poultry Industry:
1. Following extensive culling, some stakeholder attention has shifted toward implementing vaccination programs in commercial poultry farms as the next step in managing HPAI outbreaks effectively. Full article attached: https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2025/08/after-billions-spent-on-mass-culling-a-vaccination-strategy-will-be-up-next/
State-Level H5N1 Classifications: no change
1. Still Affected: Texas, Minnesota, Michigan, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Arizona remain classified as H5N1-positive (not all bulk tanks have tested negative for 30 consecutive days).
2. Now Unaffected: Montana and Connecticut join 21 other states (including NY, CO, OH, SC, VA, MO, etc.) in being classified as H5N1-unaffected after all bulk tanks tested negative.
3. Program Participation: All U.S. states except North Dakota, Florida, Massachusetts, Alaska, and Hawaii are participating in the National Milk Testing Strategy.

Bi-Weekly HPAI Updates for 8/1/25

Testing in Wisconsin:
The Wisconsin Department of Agriculture has tested 8,248 bulk milk tanks for H5N1 through July 26th. All results have been negative.
https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/AvianInfluenzaCattle.aspx
National Status:
No new confirmed H5N1 infections have been reported in U.S. livestock or commercial poultry operations over the past two weeks.

3. Cornell Study Highlights Economic Impact of H5N1 in Dairy Herds:
A recent article from Cornell outlines the significant economic consequences of H5N1 infection in dairy cattle. The virus has been shown to cause severe mastitis and sustained reductions in milk production. In one affected herd, nearly 40% of clinically ill cows died or were culled within two months due to poor recovery in milk yield, with an average estimated cost of $950 per affected animal. The rapid intra-herd transmission and associated financial losses underscore the urgent need for improved biosecurity protocols and the development of effective vaccines to mitigate the impact of HPAI on the dairy industry.https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2025/07/avian-flu-causes-major-adverse-impact-dairy-herds

State-Level H5N1 Classifications:

Still Affected: Texas, Minnesota, Michigan, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Arizona remain classified as H5N1-positive (not all bulk tanks have tested negative for 30 consecutive days).
Now Unaffected: Montana and Connecticut join 21 other states (including NY, CO, OH, SC, VA, MO, etc.) in being classified as H5N1-unaffected after all bulk tanks tested negative.
Program Participation: All U.S. states except North Dakota, Florida, Massachusetts, Alaska, and Hawaii are participating in the National Milk Testing Strategy.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 7/4/25

Wisconsin H5N1 bulk tank tested another 747 samples from June 22-28. All were negative, bringing the total of negative tests to 3,935. https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/AvianInfluenzaCattle.aspx
Texas, Minnesota, Michigan, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Arizona continue to be classified as H5N1-positive due to all bulk tanks not being H5N1-negative for 30 days. New York and South Carolina are now classified as unaffected, along with Colorado, Missouri, Ohio, Kansas, Virginia, Maine, Indiana, Kentucky, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Delaware, West Virginia, Washington, Wyoming, Oklahoma, Alabama, Vermont, Pennsylvania, and Mississippi due to all bulk tanks in the state testing negative. Thus, dairies in 21 states are considered unaffected by H5N1. All US states except North Dakota, Florida, Massachusetts, Alaska, and Hawaii are participating in the National Milk Testing Strategy program. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock/nmts
There were no new confirmed H5N1 cases in dairy cattle this week. To date, 1,074 dairy farms have confirmed H5N1 infections in 17 states. In the last 30 days, there has been 1 new confirmed H5N1 case in dairy cattle in Arizona.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 06/20/25:

1. Wisconsin H5N1 bulk tank tested another 756 samples from June 8-14. All were negative, bringing the total of negative tests to 2,128. The plan is to test every dairy farm approximately once a month. https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/AvianInfluenzaCattle.aspx
2. Colorado, Texas, Minnesota, Michigan, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Arizona continue to be classified as H5N1-positive due to all bulk tanks not being H5N1-negative for 30 days. Kansas, Virginia, and Maine are now classified as unaffected, along with Indiana, Kentucky, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Delaware, West Virginia, Washington, Wyoming, Oklahoma, Alabama, Vermont, Pennsylvania, and Mississippi due to all bulk tanks in the state testing negative. All US states except North Dakota, Florida, Massachusetts, Alaska, and Hawaii are participating in the National Milk Testing Strategy program. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock/nmts
3. There were no new confirmed H5N1 cases in dairy cattle this week. To date, 1,073 dairy farms have confirmed H5N1 infections in 17 states. In the last 30 days, there have been 3 new confirmed H5N1 cases in dairy cattle in California and Idaho.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 06/13/25:

1. Wisconsin H5N1 bulk tank tested another 716 samples from June 1-7. All were negative. The plan is to test every dairy farm approximately once a month. https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/AvianInfluenzaCattle.aspx
2. Due to monthly H5N1 bulk tank testing in Minnesota, lactating cows going to exhibits in the state do NOT need to be individually tested for H5N1. There have been no positive MN bulk tanks since March 2025.
3. The University of Nebraska has several H5N1 educational resources, including ones in Spanish for dairy and poultry workers: https://www.unmc.edu/publichealth/cscash/resources/resources-avian-influenza.html
4. Colorado, Texas, Minnesota, Michigan, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Arizona continue to be classified as H5N1-positive due to ongoing H5N1. Indiana, Kentucky, and New Hampshire are now classified as unaffected, along with Rhode Island, Delaware, West Virginia, Washington, Wyoming, Oklahoma, Alabama, Vermont, Pennsylvania, and Mississippi due to all dairies in the state testing negative. All US states except North Dakota, Florida, Massachusetts, Alaska, and Hawaii are participating in the National Milk Testing Strategy program. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock/nmts
5. There were no new confirmed H5N1 cases in dairy cattle this week. To date, 1,073 dairy farms have confirmed H5N1 infections in 17 states. In the last 30 days, there have been 8 new confirmed H5N1 cases in dairy cattle in California and Idaho.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 06/06/25:

1. Wisconsin started bulk tank testing for H5N1 the week of May 25th. 656 samples were taken and no H5N1 was detected. DATCP will update this website with weekly test numbers and results: https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/AvianInfluenzaCattle.aspx
2. Purdue developed an accurate paper-based H5 test that only needs a hot water bath and causes a visible change. It has been tested on mouth and nose swabs from multiple animal species, is inexpensive, and will start being used in field investigations. https://ag.purdue.edu/news/2025/06/new-assay-offers-way-to-combat-threat-of-highly-pathogenic-avian-flu.html
3. Colorado had a positive bulk tank this week. Texas, Minnesota, Michigan, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Arizona all continue to have H5N1-positive bulk tanks. Rhode Island is now classified as unaffected, along with Delaware, West Virginia, Washington, Wyoming, Oklahoma, Alabama, Vermont, Pennsylvania, and Mississippi due to all dairies in the state testing negative. All US states except North Dakota, Florida, Massachusetts, Alaska, and Hawaii are participating in the National Milk Testing Strategy program. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock/nmts
4. There was one new confirmed H5N1 cases in dairy cattle this week, in California. To date, 1,073 dairy farms have confirmed H5N1 infections in 17 states. In the last 30 days, there have been 19 new confirmed H5N1 cases in dairy cattle in Texas, Arizona, California, and Idaho.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 05/09/25:

1. An H5N1 isolate from a Michigan dairy employee caused infection in lab ferrets via direct contact and airborne transmission. All ferrets lived but had clinical signs (lethargy, fever, weight loss, and respiratory and eye signs). https://www.contagionlive.com/view/study-highlights-airborne-transmission-of-h5n1-in-ferrets-raising-pandemic-concerns
2. MedGene is close to a conditionally licensed subunit H5N1 vaccine for cattle. However, the USDA hasn’t authorized H5N1 vaccine use. Even experimental cows require monitoring and authorization for slaughter for 2 years after vaccination. Until the USDA changes policy, a cattle H5N1 vaccine can’t be used.
3. The CDC has provided a map of US counties with H5N1 detections since 2022, available here: https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/situation-summary/data-map-commercial.html
4. Per the USDA, H5N1 detections in commercial poultry have decreased since February. In the last 30 days, only 2 commercial flocks and 12 backyard flocks have new detections, affecting less than 1 million birds. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/commercial-backyard-flocks
5. Texas, Minnesota, Michigan, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Arizona all continue to have H5N1-positive bulk tanks. Alabama and Vermont are now classified as unaffected, along with Colorado, West Virginia, Washington, Wyoming, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, and Mississippi due to all dairies in the state testing negative. All US states except North Dakota, Florida, Massachusetts, Alaska, and Hawaii are participating in the National Milk Testing Strategy program. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock/nmts
6. To date, 1,053 dairy farms have confirmed H5N1 infections in 17 states. In the last 30 days, there have been 47 confirmed H5N1 cases in dairy cattle in Arizona, California, and Idaho. Idaho continues to have new cases. California had 0 new cases this week.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 05/02/25:

1. Some California health clinics are offering $25 gift cards to people living near farms who get tested for avian influenza or receive a seasonal flu vaccine. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bird-flu-testing-gift-cards-california-cdc/
2. There are 70 confirmed human cases of H5N1 in the USA. In poultry, there are 51 jurisdictions with outbreaks currently. There are also 51 jurisdictions with bird flu in wild birds.https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/situation-summary/index.html
3. Texas, Minnesota, Michigan, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Arizona all continue to have H5N1-positive bulk tanks. Colorado, West Virginia, Washington, Wyoming, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, and Mississippi remain classified as unaffected due to all dairies in the state testing negative. All US states except North Dakota, Florida, Massachusetts, Alaska, and Hawaii are participating in the National Milk Testing Strategy program. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock/nmts
4. To date, 1,048 dairy farms have confirmed H5N1 infections in 17 states. In the last 30 days, there have been 48 confirmed H5N1 cases in dairy cattle in Arizona, California, and Idaho. Idaho continues to have new cases, with 59 quarantined farms currently. California has only 1 new case this week.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 04/18/25:

1. The WHO released an update on the Mexican child who died from H5N1. No other human cases have been found and it’s still unclear how the child acquired the virus. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2025-DON564
2. Texas, Minnesota, Michigan, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Arizona all continue to have H5N1-positive bulk tanks. Washington, Wyoming, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Mississippi, and Colorado are now classified as unaffected due to all dairies in the state testing negative. All US states except North Dakota, Florida, Massachusetts, Alaska, and Hawaii are participating in the National Milk Testing Strategy program. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock/nmts
3. There have been 8 new H5N1 positive dairies in California in the last 30 days. There have been 764 total infected CA dairy herds, and 603 herds have recovered.
4. To date, 1,021 dairy farms have confirmed H5N1 infections in 17 states. In the last 30 days, there have been 31 confirmed H5N1 cases in dairy cattle in Arizona, Nevada, California, and Idaho.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 04/04/25:

1. A 10,000 cow dairy in CA shared their experiences with H5N1. Higher-producing cows were more affected by H5N1. About 25% of the herd was given supportive care due to more severe disease signs, but many cows weren’t treated. Untreated cows had a 20-pound milk recovery from their production lows, while treated cows had a 38-pound increase. https://www.bovinevetonline.com/news/navigating-hpai-lessons-learned-10-000-cow-california-dairy?
2. The USDA has released additional H5N1 resources for backyard poultry flocks, called “Defend the Flock.” The newsletter here is a good intro: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/dtf-newsletter-spring-2025.pdf. The full website has even more resources: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/defend-the-flock/resources?
3. All US states except North Dakota, Florida, Massachusetts, Alaska, and Hawaii are participating in the National Milk Testing Strategy program. Minnesota, Idaho, Arizona, California, Nevada, Texas, and Michigan are the states with H5N1 positive bulk tanks. Pennsylvania, Mississippi, and Colorado are classified as unaffected due to all dairies in the state testing negative. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock/nmts
4. There have been 9 new H5N1 positive dairies in California in the last 30 days. There have been 757 total infected CA dairy herds, and 492 herds have recovered.
5. To date, 998 dairy farms have confirmed H5N1 infections in 17 states. In the last 30 days, there have been 19 confirmed H5N1 cases in dairy cattle in California and Idaho.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 03/21/25:

A dairy farm in Stearns County, Minnesota tested positive for H5N1 through the milk surveillance plan. The herd is quarantined and milk from any sick cows is being disposed of. The farm is allowed to ship milk from healthy animals since all the milk will be pasteurized. Along with other biosecurity protocols, MN recommends all farms maintain a log of visitors. https://www.bah.state.mn.us/node/2016
USDA will invest up to $100 million for projects related to vaccines, therapeutics, research, and other strategies to combat HPAI in poultry.
Before making a determination on vaccinating poultry for HPAI, the USDA will consult with HHS, CDC, NIH, and FDA and will solicit feedback from governors, state departments of agriculture, veterinarians, farmers, the public health system, and the American public. USDA seeks poultry H5N1 vaccine candidates that are: Well matched to circulating clades, Compatible with the ability to differentiate vaccinated from infected animals, Compatible with serologic testing, Provide sterilizing or long-duration immunity, Require hands-off delivery for protection in chickens and turkeys, and are Safe, potent, & effective.
APHIS is offering biosecurity assessments to all commercial poultry producers not affected by HPAI but is prioritizing egg-laying facilities. USDA will share up to 75% of the costs to address the highest biosecurity risks identified by the assessments.
All US states except North Dakota, Florida, Massachusetts, Alaska, and Hawaii are participating in the National Milk Testing Strategy program. Idaho, Arizona, California, Nevada, Texas, and Michigan are the states with H5N1 positive bulk tanks. Pennsylvania, Mississippi, and Colorado are classified as unaffected due to all dairies in the state testing negative. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock/nmts
There have been 8 new H5N1 positive dairies in California in the last 30 days. There have been 755 total infected CA dairy herds, and 422 herds have recovered.
To date, 989 dairy farms have confirmed H5N1 infections in 17 states. In the last 30 days, there have been 16 confirmed H5N1 cases in dairy cattle in California, Nevada, and Idaho.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 03/14/25:

The number of H5N1-infected house cats continues to rise. Some house mice are positive as well. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/mammals
The USDA reopened commenting on a rule for the HPAI indemnity program. The rule requires commercial poultry farms to pass a biosecurity audit before restocking after an HPAI detection, and before receiving future indemnity payments.
A biosecurity audit is needed for commercial poultry premises within the buffer zone, and a producer who doesn’t correct deficiencies revealed in the biosecurity audit is ineligible for indemnity payments for future infections. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/news/agency-announcements/aphis-reopens-comment-period-interim-final-rule-updating-indemnity
Currently, HPAI has been confirmed in 80 domestic bird flocks in the last 30 days. 7.35 million birds have been affected in that time. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/commercial-backyard-flocks
All US states except North Dakota, Florida, Massachusetts, Alaska, and Hawaii are participating in the National Milk Testing Strategy program. Idaho, Arizona, California, Nevada, Texas, and Michigan are the states with H5N1 positive bulk tanks. Pennsylvania, Mississippi, and Colorado are classified as unaffected due to all dairies in the state being tested negative. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock/nmts
There have been 14 new H5N1 positive dairies in California in the last 30 days. There have been 754 total infected CA dairy herds, and 384 herds have recovered.
To date, 985 dairy farms have confirmed H5N1 infections in 17 states. Arizona, California, Nevada, and Idaho are the only states with positive milk samples in the last 30 days.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 03/07/25:

A recent study showed that calves fed H5N1-infected milk had mild fever, runny noses, loose manure, and slight signs of pneumonia for 5-6 days. The signs are mild enough they may be missed when paired with other stressors. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.31220/agriRxiv.2025.00303
There have been 70 human cases of H5N1 in the USA to date. More than half of the cases are due to infected dairy cattle exposure. This site includes H5N1 monitoring for multiple species in the USA: https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/situation-summary/index.html
Wild bird H5N1 infections continue in every state. An updated map is available here: https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/situation-summary/data-map-wild-birds.html
All US states except North Dakota, Florida, Massachusetts, Alaska, and Hawaii are participating in the National Milk Testing Strategy program. Idaho, Arizona, California, Nevada, Texas, and Michigan are the states with H5N1 positive bulk tanks. Pennsylvania, Mississippi, and Colorado are classified as unaffected due to all dairies in the state being tested negative. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock/nmts
There have been 11 new H5N1 positive dairies in California in the last 30 days. There have been 749 total infected CA dairy herds, and 373 herds have recovered.
To date, 978 dairy farms have confirmed H5N1 infections in 17 states. There were only 2 new confirmed cases in the last week, but Idaho has a recent detection in dairy cattle again. Arizona, California, Nevada, and Idaho are the only states with positive milk samples in the last 30 days.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 02/28/25:

Researchers at UC-Davis found that acidification of waste milk inactivated H5N1, offering an alternative to pasteurization for farms feeding whole milk to calves. https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/killing-h5n1-waste-milk-alternative-pasteurization
Elanco is partnering with MedGene to commercialize a dairy cattle H5N1 vaccine. https://www.elanco.com/en-us/insights/elanco-enters-agreement-with-medgene-to-commercialize-hpai-vaccine-in-dairy-cattle
Retail dairy products continue to be safe. USDA tested 167 samples of retail dairy products throughout the US including milk, butter, ice cream, cheese, and raw milk aged cheese. 17.4% of samples contained H5N1 RNA, but all virus was dead. All the raw milk cheese samples were virus-negative so the USDA couldn’t definitively state if aging was effective at killing the virus. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X24002151
The US Secretary of Agriculture has launched a 5-pronged approach to poultry HPAI with a focus on biosecurity, financial relief, expanding egg supply, vaccination development, and altered import/export options. https://www.usda.gov/about-usda/news/press-releases/2025/02/26/usda-invests-1-billion-combat-avian-flu-and-reduce-egg-prices
All US states except North Dakota, Florida, Massachusetts, Alaska, and Hawaii are participating in the National Milk Testing Strategy program. Arizona, California, Nevada, Texas, and Michigan are the only states with positive bulk tanks. Pennsylvania, Mississippi, and Colorado are classified as unaffected due to all dairies in the state being tested negative. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock/nmts
There have been 14 new H5N1 positive dairies in California in the last 30 days. There have been 748 total infected CA dairy herds, and 329 herds have recovered.
To date, 976 dairy farms have confirmed H5N1 infections in 17 states. There were only 3 new confirmed cases in the last week. Arizona, California, and Nevada are the only states with positive milk samples in the last 30 days.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 02/21/25:

An Arizona dairy farm also has H5N1 genotype D1.1 which was found through bulk tank milk sampling. This is the first H5N1 cattle infection in Arizona. The D1.1 genotype is the type detected in wild birds. https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/avian-influenza-bird-flu/third-avian-flu-spillover-reported-arizona-dairy-herd-raw-pet-food-sickens
DATCP indicated Wisconsin will be participating in the National Milk Testing Strategy but is still working on specifics and funding. A date for initial bulk tank testing has not been released.
Idaho, Illinois, Wyoming and South Carolina have also agreed to participate in the National Milk Testing Strategy, which tests bulk tanks for H5N1. The states not participating yet are North Dakota, Florida, Massachusetts, Alaska, and Hawaii. Currently, Arizona, California, Nevada, Texas, and Michigan are the only states with positive bulk tanks. Pennsylvania, Mississippi, and Colorado are classified as unaffected due to all dairies in the state being tested negative. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock/nmts
An older woman in Wyoming with underlying health conditions has been hospitalized with H5N1. She was likely exposed through her infected backyard poultry flock. This is the fourth human hospitalization from H5N1 in the US. https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/avian-influenza-bird-flu/wyoming-reports-its-first-human-h5n1-avian-flu-infection
There is talk of a new avian influenza outbreak response for poultry centered on vaccinations and biosecurity instead of mass culling. https://apnews.com/article/trump-administration-egg-prices-shortage-bird-flu-9a0dac14ed29ecacd7f0f913d602c3aa
Zoetis received conditional approval from the USDA for their chicken avian influenza H5N2 killed vaccine. https://news.zoetis.com/press-releases/press-release-details/2025/Zoetis-Receives-Conditional-License-from-USDA-for-Avian-Influenza-Vaccine-H5N2-Subtype-Killed-Virus/default.aspx
Two indoor cats may have acquired H5N1 through their owner’s clothing, as both owners worked on infected dairy farms. Neither owner was tested for H5N1 although household members tested negative. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/74/wr/mm7405a2.htm
Farms with sudden neurological signs or deaths in barn cats should be highly suspicious of H5N1, as cats appear to be very susceptible to the virus.
There have been 28 new H5N1 positive dairies in California in the last 30 days. There have been 747 total infected CA dairy herds, and 297 herds have recovered.
To date, 973 dairy farms have confirmed H5N1 infections in 17 states. Arizona, California, and Nevada are the only states with positive samples in the last 30 days.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 02/14/25:

A dairy worker in Nevada tested positive for H5N1, with mild conjunctivitis. The employee is recovering.
Cows on the H5N1-positive Nevada dairies were initially asymptomatic but have since shown clinical signs. H5N1 is found in milk before cows are sick, so the “advanced warning” is one benefit of milk testing. The Nevada dairies report high numbers of dead wild birds near their facilities. https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/nevada-reports-h5n1-dairy-worker-usda-fleshes-out-d11-sequencing-affected-herds
The CDC found 3 out of 150 sampled cattle veterinarians had H5N1 antibodies in September but no symptoms. Two vets had no known contact with infected cattle. One vet practices in South Carolina and Georgia where there have been no positive cattle cases. https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/avian-influenza-bird-flu/cdc-3-veterinarians-had-recent-h5n1-infections-didnt-know-they-had-been
The CDC continues to recommend PPE for people at risk of contracting H5N1, including goggles and respiratory protection: https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/prevention/farm-workers.html
The CDC had also drafted guidance for employers to provide a safe work environment based on H5N1 exposure risk: https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/prevention/worker-protection-ppe.html
Minnesota is preparing for H5N1 in cattle and has issued a FAQ document for dairy farmers: https://www.bah.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/documents/H5N1inDairyFrequentlyAskedQs0125.pdf?utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery
WI DNR confirmed H5N1 in a dead wild duck in Milwaukee County as well as a bald eagle in Dane County. The virus has been found in wild birds in St. Croix, Wood, Brown, Racine, and Kenosha Counties this winter. https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/wildlifehabitat/disease/Avianinfluenza
Kentucky and Maine have also agreed to participate in the National Milk Testing Strategy, which tests bulk tanks for H5N1. The states not participating are Wisconsin, Idaho, Wyoming, North Dakota, Illinois, Florida, South Carolina, Massachusetts, Alaska, and Hawaii. Currently, California, Nevada, Texas, and Michigan are the only states with positive bulk tanks. Pennsylvania, Mississippi, and Colorado are classified as unaffected due to all dairies in the state being tested negative. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock/nmts
There have been 35 new H5N1 positive dairies in California in the last 30 days. There have been 745 total infected CA dairy herds, and 281 herds have recovered.
To date, 968 dairy farms have confirmed H5N1 infections in 16 states. California and Nevada are the only states with positive samples in the last 30 days.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 02/7/25:

A new dairy cattle H5N1 genotype, D1.1, was found in Nevada. This genotype has been circulating in wild birds since last fall but this is the first time it has spilled over into dairy cattle. Affected dairies in Nevada are quarantined, and state groups are working to depopulate European starlings in affected & surrounding counties. https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/avian-influenza-bird-flu/avian-flu-strikes-more-nevada-dairy-herds-leading-starling-removal
Nebraska has had no H5N1 in livestock. The Nebraska state vet shared that except for the spillover event mentioned above, H5N1 has spread between dairies via animal movements and poor biosecurity. The dairy H5N1 strain can be transmitted to poultry. California still has viral spread between dairy and poultry farms, but all other US poultry infections have been due to wildlife.
H5N1 and H5N9 were both found on a commercial duck farm in Merced County, CA. Ducks are less likely to die from HPAI which allows for viral rearrangement. The farm was quarantined then depopulated. https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/avian-influenza-bird-flu/tests-identify-h5n9-avian-flu-california-duck-farm
There is discussion about vaccinating commercial poultry for H5N1, but vaccinating could lead to extensive trade implications. https://www.npr.org/sections/shots-health-news/2025/02/02/nx-s1-5282389/avian-bird-flu-eggs-prices-cull-usda-michigan-poultry-influenza-farmer-vaccination-h5n1
South Dakota and Connecticut have now agreed to participate in the National Milk Testing Strategy, which tests bulk tanks for H5N1. The states not participating are Wisconsin, Idaho, Wyoming, North Dakota, Illinois, Kentucky, Florida, South Carolina, Massachusetts, Maine, Alaska, and Hawaii. Currently, California, Nevada, Texas, and Michigan have positive bulk tanks. Mississippi and Colorado are classified as unaffected due to all dairies in the state being tested negative. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock/nmts
There have been 34 new H5N1 positive dairies in California in the last 30 days. There have been 738 total infected CA dairy herds, and 236 herds have recovered.
To date, 959 dairy farms have confirmed H5N1 infections in 16 states. California and Nevada are the only states with positive samples. The Nevada positives were found via bulk tank sampling

HPAI Updates for the week ending 01/23/25:

36 US states have agreed to participate in the National Milk Testing Strategy, which tests bulk tanks for H5N1. The states not participating are Wisconsin, Idaho, Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota, Illinois, Kentucky, Florida, South Carolina, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, Alaska, and Hawaii. Currently, California, Nevada, Texas, and Michigan have positive bulk tanks. Mississippi is unaffected. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock/nmts
There have been 35 new H5N1 positive dairies in California in the last 30 days. There have been 733 total infected CA dairy herds, and 200 herds have recovered.
To date, 951 dairy farms have confirmed BIAV infections in 16 states. The only new cases are in California still.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 01/24/25:

The FDA now requires pet food manufacturers using raw poultry or cattle products to re-evaluate food safety plans to include H5N1. https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/cvm-updates/cat-and-dog-food-manufacturers-required-consider-h5n1-food-safety-plans
The CDC is asking that hospitalized people with influenza type A have the virus sub-typed within 24 hours to detect H5N1 more quickly. https://www.cdc.gov/han/2025/han00520.html?ACSTrackingID=USCDC_486-DM142615&ACSTrackingLabel=HAN%20520%20-%20Health%20Advisory%20(for%20COCA%20partners)&deliveryName=USCDC_486-DM142615
There have been 47 new H5N1 positive dairies in California in the last 30 days.
To date, 937 dairy farms have confirmed BIAV infections in 16 states. The only new cases are in California still.
This is a good commentary on what some California veterinarians are seeing with H5N1 in cattle, including increased abortions, pneumonia in calves, and mastitis: https://www.bovinevetonline.com/news/industry/california-veterinarians-say-virus-hit-dairies-see-more-abortions-first-calf-heifer?

HPAI Updates for the week ending 01/10/25:

In Louisiana, the critically ill person with H5N1 died, making this the first US death from H5N1. The person was older than 65, had underlying medical problems, and had been in contact with sick and dead birds in a backyard flock. The virus mutated inside the patient which could have led to more severe illness. There is no evidence of person-to-person spread. https://apnews.com/article/bird-flu-death-louisiana-82e4d00876e62cb2b13bb621826c84f9
USDA plans to stockpile poultry bird flu vaccines that match the current viral strain circulating in commercial flocks and wild birds. https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/us-build-new-stockpile-bird-flu-vaccine-poultry-2025-01-08/
Backyard poultry owners should follow good biosecurity practices and wear proper PPE when handling sick or dead birds.
Pet owners should not feed raw meat or milk. Commercial dairy and meat products remain safe for consumption when cooked appropriately.
California has banned all dairy cattle and poultry exhibitions in the state until further notice due to H5N1. https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/AHFSS/Animal_Health/docs/CA_Poulty_Dairy_Cattle_Exhibition_Ban_2025.pdf
California has 703 H5N1-infected dairies to date, but 100 of those have recovered and been released from quarantine. All farms continue weekly surveillance. There have been 183 infected CA dairies in the last 30 days.
To date, 924 dairy farms have confirmed BIAV infections in 16 states. Texas and Michigan both had one new positive dairy each. The other new cases are in California.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 01/03/25:

The FDA is testing aged raw cow’s milk cheese for H5N1. https://www.fda.gov/food/sampling-protect-food-supply/microbiological-surveillance-sampling-fy25-aged-raw-cows-milk-cheese-collection-and-analysis-hpai
Up to 5 house cats are sick and 1 died after consuming raw pet food containing H5N1 from two different raw food brands. The food has been recalled. Owners should not feed their pets raw milk or meat. https://abcnews.go.com/Health/5-house-cats-sick-after-bird-flu-found/story?id=117240072
There are 66 confirmed human cases of H5N1 in the USA since 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/situation-summary/index.html
To date, 915 dairy farms have confirmed BIAV infections in 16 states. California is the only state with new dairy infections this week.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 12/27/24:

A commercial poultry flock in Burnett County, WI has HPAI and has been depopulated. https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/News_Media/20241226HPAIBurnettCo.aspx
A wild cat sanctuary in Washington State has lost 20 cats from H5N1, likely due to feeding contaminated raw meat. https://www.king5.com/article/news/local/animal-sanctuary-20-large-cats-dead-from-avian-flu-outbreak/281-8ebb0c9d-f2f6-470e-9b93-b3f6990eef5f
The AVMA released H5N1 info for cat owners, available here: https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/animal-health-and-welfare/animal-health/avian-influenza/avian-influenza-h5n1-cats.
To date, 901 dairy farms have confirmed BIAV infections in 16 states. California is the only state with new dairy infections this week.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 12/20/24:

Two cats in California died from H5N1 after consuming raw milk recalled by Raw Farm.
A person in Louisiana is in critical condition with severe respiratory symptoms caused by H5N1, which is the first severe human case in the US. The person is over 65 and has underlying medical problems, and had been in contact with sick and dead birds in a backyard flock.
A person in Barron County, WI tested positive for H5N1. This person had direct contact with the infected poultry flock.
The California governor has declared a state of emergency due to cows in southern California testing positive for H5N1. All other positive cases had been in the Central Valley.
A backyard poultry flock in Kenosha County, WI tested positive for HPAI. Birds will be depopulated. A control zone is set up for 10 km around the farm, and birds in those zones cannot be moved.
California has recalled raw milk packaged by Valley Milk Simply Bottled due to H5N1.
The Idaho Department of Fish and Game are cleaning up carcasses of thousands of dead geese and other birds to prevent spread of HPAI.
Indiana, Maryland, Montana, New York, Ohio, Vermont, and Washington are joining the bulk tank milk testing states.
California calves being fed raw milk or colostrum are testing positive for H5N1 in the lungs. Some have respiratory disease as well. This did not occur in other states earlier in the outbreak.
California has 311 new H5N1-infected dairies in the last 30 days, bringing the total dairy cases to 645. 56 herds have completely recovered and are released from quarantine. Those herds will continue to test for H5N1 weekly.
To date, 875 dairy farms have confirmed BIAV infections in 16 states. Texas has a new dairy infected this week.
While not directly related to HPAI, 25,000 sows were moved to new barns with the owner’s trailers. The sows tested positive for PRRS virus and had to be depopulated. The only potential source of entry was the vet or an employee who had contact with other swine. This demonstrates the importance of strict biosecurity.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 12/06/24:

There have now been 57 human cases of H5N1 in the United States. Symptoms remain mild.
Raw Farm in Fresno, CA recalled all raw milk products after additional samples tested positive for H5N1. The recall covers all Raw Farm milk products produced Nov. 9-27th. The farm is quarantined, and distribution of products made on or after Nov. 27 have been suspended. No known human infections have occurred from consumption of the farm’s products. https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/OPA/Pages/NR24-044.aspx
Today, the USDA issued a new Federal Order and guidance requiring that raw milk samples nationwide be collected and shared with USDA for testing. Testing will start with milk silos, then proceed to individual farm level if the silo is positive. Positive farms are required to cooperate with disease investigation. Full details are here: https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2024/12/06/usda-announces-new-federal-order-begins-national-milk-testing
California is at 504 infected dairies. Several dairies have completely recovered and are expected to be released from quarantine shortly. Quarantine-released dairies will continue to test milk weekly.
To date, 720 dairy farms have confirmed BIAV infections in 15 states. California and Utah remain the only states with new infections in cattle.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 11/22/24:

CDC recommends farm employees receive the seasonal flu vaccine. It won’t cross-protect against H5N1, but the concern is if an employee has H5N1 and the seasonal flu at the same time the virus could mutate.
Pennsylvania now requires bulk tank H5N1 testing. This is in addition to California, Colorado, Michigan, and Oklahoma. Testing remains free to the producer. https://www.pa.gov/en/agencies/pda/newsroom/pa-requires-bulk-milk-testing-to-protect-dairy--poultry-industri.html
H5N1 was found in retail samples of raw milk from Raw Farm, LLC in California. The batch was recalled. There are no known human infections from drinking the infected milk yet. Pasteurized milk remains free from live virus and is safe for human consumption. https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/OPA/Pages/NR24-039.aspx
California is at 436 infected dairies. Several dairies have completely recovered and are expected to be released from quarantine shortly. Quarantine-released dairies will continue to test milk weekly.
To date, 688 dairy farms have confirmed BIAV infections in 15 states. California and Utah are currently the only states with new infections in cattle.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 11/22/24:

Two backyard flocks in Hawaii contracted H5N1 from a currently unknown source, although migratory birds are suspects. Both flocks were depopulated.
California is at 336 infected dairies. Six more dairy employees tested positive for H5N1 so there are 27 confirmed human cases in California. Symptoms continue to be mild.
To date, 616 dairy farms have confirmed BIAV infections in 15 states.

Talking Points for Clients:

Check individual state's regulations for any cattle movement WITHIN the state.
If going to a fair/show, it is wise to bring your own milking equipment to prevent viral spread through the milk.
Lactating cows need to be tested before entering another state unless they go straight to slaughter or participate in the voluntary testing program. 33 farms are participating in the voluntary testing program to date.
If a farm has HPAI, everyone should wear personal protective equipment (PPE).
Commercial dairy and beef products remain SAFE for human consumption when cooked according to recommendations.
Don't feed raw milk to ANY animal.
Develop a biosecurity plan with your veterinarian.
Don't share trailers or other equipment that comes in contact with animals.
Power wash and disinfect shared vehicles, especially trailers, if equipment must be shared.
Don't bring any new animals onto your farm.
Isolate new animals for 30 days.
Don’t share employees with other dairy or poultry farms.
Have farm-specific boots and clothes that never leave the farm.
Train employees to identify and report any suspicious animals.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 11/15/24:

1. 8 of 115 farm workers in Michigan and Colorado had H5N1 influenza antibodies but only 4 had symptoms. All employees had cleaned parlors and most had milked cows. CDC is recommending all workers in contact with infected animals receive testing and treatment even if they don’t have symptoms. More details on the study are pending.
2. California is at 291 infected dairies. There have been no new confirmed human cases in California this week, leaving the total at 21.
3. To date, 508 dairy farms have confirmed BIAV infections in 15 states.
Talking Points for Clients:
1. Check individual state's regulations for any cattle movement WITHIN the state.
2. If going to a fair/show, it is wise to bring your own milking equipment to prevent viral spread through the milk.
3. Lactating cows need to be tested before entering another state unless they go straight to slaughter or participate in the voluntary testing program. 33 farms are participating in the voluntary testing program to date.
4. If a farm has HPAI, everyone should wear personal protective equipment (PPE).
5. Commercial dairy and beef products remain SAFE for human consumption when cooked according to recommendations.
6. Don't feed raw milk to ANY animal.
7. Develop a biosecurity plan with your veterinarian.
8. Don't share trailers or other equipment that comes in contact with animals.
9. Power wash and disinfect shared vehicles, especially trailers, if equipment must be shared.
10. Don't bring any new animals onto your farm.
11. Isolate new animals for 30 days.
12. Don’t share employees with other dairy or poultry farms.
13. Have farm-specific boots and clothes that never leave the farm.
14. Train employees to identify and report any suspicious animals.
Dos and Don’ts for Farm Visitors, including Armor Personnel:
1. DO contact ALL clients before driving onto their farm.
2. DO clean and disinfect your boots at the end of EVERY farm visit.
3. DO remove any visible dirt/manure from your boots BEFORE using a disinfectant.
4. DO use a disinfectant after rinsing your boots.
5. DO wear disposable booties if your footwear can’t be washed.
6. DO change gloves between farms.
7. DO wash your hands after the visit if you aren’t wearing gloves.
8. DO park far away from barns, animals, manure, and farm equipment traffic.
9. DO NOT drive into or through a barn EVER! Walk through the barn instead if the client permits.
10. DO NOT enter a farm with a visibly dirty vehicle.
11. DO wash your vehicle with an undercarriage wash if your vehicle is dirty OR if you visit a farm with confirmed HPAI.
12. The vet team continues to believe tire spraying with a disinfectant is unnecessary, UNLESS the farm has a vehicle cleaning station. Vehicle disinfection is only effective if EVERY SINGLE VEHICLE entering and exiting the farm is disinfected equally. Preferred alternatives to tire spraying are parking far from animal areas and having a drop location at the end of the road for product deliveries so delivery trucks never enter the farm. Full biosecurity information for dairies is found here: https://securemilksupply.org/training-materials/biosecurity/. Here is information on setting up an on-farm vehicle cleaning station: https://iowaagriculture.gov/sites/default/files/animal-industry/pdf/2020/Setting-up-clean-disinfect-station.pdf

HPAI Updates for the week ending 11/08/24:

The hobby farm in Oregon with infected poultry had 2 pigs test positive for H5N1, and the strain matches what was found in poultry. Migratory birds in the area have similar strains so the virus likely was introduced by wild birds instead of dairy cattle or other livestock.
USDA will launch a nationwide tiered bulk tank testing program for H5N1 in commercial dairies within the next 30 days. Guidance documents are still pending. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/news/agency-announcements/usda-animal-plant-health-inspection-service-shares-update-h5n1-detection
Now there are four H5N1 vaccine candidates for use in dairy cows undergoing field trials.
California is at 259 infected dairies. There are 21 human cases as well.
Utah has 13 positive dairy farms as well.
To date, 473 dairy farms have confirmed BIAV infections in 15 states.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 11/01/24:

A hobby farm in Oregon with infected poultry also had one pig test positive for H5N1 on a nasal swab, which is the first swine case in the USA. The pig was asymptomatic, and the USDA believes it picked up the virus from shared water sources and housing with the now-depopulated poultry. The pig was euthanized and did not enter the food chain, so the commercial pork supply is safe. The farm is quarantined and additional animals are under surveillance. More info here: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/news/agency-announcements/federal-state-veterinary-agencies-share-update-hpai-detections-oregon
USDA will soon launch a nationwide bulk tank testing program for H5N1 in commercial dairies. Testing will begin in states where H5N1 has already been found, then expand to other states. Initial testing will be at a regional level, then proceed to individual farm testing if necessary. Details are pending but current info is here: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/news/agency-announcements/usda-builds-actions-protect-livestock-public-health-h5n1-avian-influenza
Two H5N1 vaccine candidates for use in dairy cows are currently undergoing field trials.
California is now at 202 infected dairies.
To date, 403 dairy farms have confirmed BIAV infections in 14 states.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 10/11/24:

A third California dairy employee was confirmed to have H5N1. All 3 people had mild conjunctivitis (“pinkeye”). There are 2 additional people undergoing testing due to similar signs.
California is up to 99 infected dairies. California is testing bulk tank milk to identify positive herds. While some virus spread has been due to animal movement, many dairies have not moved lactating cows. Trailers and farm visitors are potential causes of spread, which is why biosecurity is so critical.
California dairies anecdotally have more infected cows within a herd, and more severely affected cows. While 7-22% of animals within a herd were infected with 1-2% mortality in other states, California dairies are at 50-60% infection rates with 10-15% combined mortality and culling rates. The Central Valley heat is the proposed reason for these higher numbers. More info here: https://cdqap.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/cdqap_newsletter_september_2024.pdf
Oral fluids and anti-inflammatories remain the recommended treatment.
To date, 300 dairy farms have confirmed BIAV infections in 14 states. California is the only state with new infections currently.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 10/04/24:

Two California dairy employees were confirmed to have H5. Employees work at different dairies. This brings the number of human H5 cases to 16 in 2024. Only 6 of those people have been linked to dairy farms. More info here: https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2024/s1003-birdflu-case-california.html
California is up to 55 infected dairies. Surveillance is ongoing, and infected premises are quarantined. Milk from healthy cows is still being shipped but is pasteurized.
To date, 256 dairy farms have confirmed BIAV infections in 14 states.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 09/27/24:

USDA added H5N1 to the national residue surveillance program for testing cull dairy cows. Positive carcasses won’t enter the food chain, but may be used for traceback to find infected herds. Full info here: https://www.avma.org/news/usda-adding-hpai-dairy-beef-surveillance-programs-virus-continues-spread
California is up to 41 infected dairies. The state has instituted an active surveillance program to find infected farms quickly so they can be quarantined.
California has some quick, practical biosecurity information including approved disinfectants, which is found here: https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/AHFSS/Animal_Health/HPAI.html
To date, 239 dairy farms have confirmed BIAV infections in 14 states.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 09/20/24:

A person in Missouri tested positive for H5N1, without any animal or raw milk contact. Two other people were symptomatic but either weren't tested or tested negative. Investigation is ongoing for how they were infected. The viral mutations for the positive human case have been found in infected cows but are very rare. Full details here: https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/avian-influenza-bird-flu/symptomatic-contacts-reported-probe-missouri-h5n1-flu-case
4 additional California dairies were confirmed positive. All were part of the targeted testing program due to connections with the initial 3 positive dairies. There are now 10 infected dairies in California, and all dairies are quarantined.
To date, 208 dairy farms have confirmed BIAV infections in 14 states.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 09/13/24:

California has 3 additional confirmed positive dairy herds, bringing the total to 6 infected herds. The 3 additional herds were targeted for testing due to recent connections with the other 3 herds, so it isn't surprising those herds are positive. Full info available here: https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/AHFSS/Animal_Health/HPAI.html
To date, 203 dairy farms have confirmed BIAV infections in 14 states.
Even though H5N1 spread is slowing in other states, that does NOT mean biosecurity practices should be neglected. People can spread other diseases through dirty boots, especially Salmonella. Good biosecurity protocols should be followed every day even in the absence of a novel cattle disease.
There are now 46 dairy herds participating in the national Dairy Herd Status Program. This is a voluntary program that allows dairy producers to test their bulk tank weekly instead of testing individual animals before moving them across state lines. Pennsylvania is encouraging participation. Full program info is here: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock/dairy-herd-status-program
This is an excellent continuously updated resource for all BIAV information: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock

HPAI Updates for the week ending 09/06/24:

The 3 California dairies in Central Valley were confirmed to have HPAI.
In the last 30 days, there have been only 6 new confirmed cases in 4 states (California, Colorado, Idaho, and Michigan), so it appears either control measures are working to slow infections in states where spread had been rampant, or enough herds have been exposed and developed immunity.
To date, 197 dairy farms have confirmed BIAV infections in 14 states.
This is an excellent continuously updated resource for all BIAV information: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock

HPAI Updates for the week ending 08/30/24:

3 California dairies in Central Valley are suspected to have HPAI but are waiting on confirmatory results. Cows were moved between the farms but the source of infection is being investigated. The dairies are currently quarantined.
California Department of Food and Agriculture is taking a very proactive approach to controlling HPAI, including advising all dairies to enhance their biosecurity protocols (see updated “Talking Points” below).
The USDA has authorized a field trial to test the safety of an experimental H5N1 vaccine for cattle.
To date, 193 dairy farms have confirmed BIAV infections in 13 states. This does NOT include the 3 CA herds mentioned above since they aren’t officially confirmed.
Pasteurization still inactivates the virus, and the commercial dairy supply is safe.
This is an excellent continuously updated resource for all BIAV information: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock
While not directly HPAI-related, effective Nov. 5, 2024, newly applied cattle and bison official ID tags will need both a visual and electronic component. Right now, only 840 RFID tags meet those requirements. Animals tagged with metal official tags before Nov 5th will be considered officially identified for their lifetime.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 08/23/24:

USDA is launching a yearlong study to test beef sourced from dairy cows for the presence of H5N1.
To date, 192 dairy farms have confirmed BIAV infections in 13 states.
Mandatory bulk tank testing in Colorado revealed 10 additional positive dairy herds.
World Dairy Expo officials are working closely with vets to ensure good biosecurity, including no cattle coming off a trailer without having their health certificate checked: https://www.wisfarmer.com/story/news/2024/08/14/greater-emphasis-being-placed-on-biosecurity-at-world-dairy-expo/74774813007
This is an excellent continuously updated resource for all BIAV information: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock

HPAI Updates for the week ending 08/15/24:

USDA is launching a yearlong study to test beef sourced from dairy cows for the presence of H5N1.
To date, 192 dairy farms have confirmed BIAV infections in 13 states.
Mandatory bulk tank testing in Colorado revealed 10 additional positive dairy herds.
World Dairy Expo officials are working closely with vets to ensure good biosecurity, including no cattle coming off a trailer without having their health certificate checked: https://www.wisfarmer.com/story/news/2024/08/14/greater-emphasis-being-placed-on-biosecurity-at-world-dairy-expo/74774813007
This is an excellent continuously updated resource for all BIAV information: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock

HPAI Updates for the week ending 08/02/24:

A dairy herd in Oklahoma was confirmed positive, but the milk sample was from April. The herd has recovered.
To date, 163 dairy farms have confirmed BIAV infections in 13 states.
5 poultry farm employees in Colorado have H5N1 (avian influenza) but have mild symptoms (conjunctivitis, respiratory symptoms). That brings the total number of human infections in the USA this year to 9.
Michigan requires testing of any animals originating from a dairy premise before going to a show. Lactating & dry dairy cattle still cannot be shown.
Missouri state fair requires HPAI milk testing on lactating cows.
Iowa is testing dairy herds within a 20 km radius of affected poultry farms.
Iowa requires a negative HPAI milk test on individual cows, the bulk tank, and sick cows PLUS a health certificate before cows go to a show within the state.
New York, Illinois, and Wisconsin require a negative HPAI milk test in lactating cows within 7 days before going to a show within the state.
Minnesota requires a negative HPAI milk test AND a health certificate in lactating cows within 7 days before going to a show within the state.
Pasteurization continues to kill the virus, even flash pasteurizers. A previous study about flash pasteurization leaving some live virus has been debunked.
This is an excellent continuously updated resource for all BIAV information: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock

HPAI Updates for the week ending 7/19/24:

A dairy herd in Oklahoma was confirmed positive, but the milk sample was from April. The herd has recovered.
To date, 163 dairy farms have confirmed BIAV infections in 13 states.
5 poultry farm employees in Colorado have H5N1 (avian influenza) but have mild symptoms (conjunctivitis, respiratory symptoms). That brings the total number of human infections in the USA this year to 9.
Michigan requires testing of any animals originating from a dairy premise before going to a show. Lactating & dry dairy cattle still cannot be shown.
Missouri state fair requires HPAI milk testing on lactating cows.
Iowa is testing dairy herds within a 20 km radius of affected poultry farms.
Iowa requires a negative HPAI milk test on individual cows, the bulk tank, and sick cows PLUS a health certificate before cows go to a show within the state.
New York, Illinois, and Wisconsin require a negative HPAI milk test in lactating cows within 7 days before going to a show within the state.
Minnesota requires a negative HPAI milk test AND a health certificate in lactating cows within 7 days before going to a show within the state.
Pasteurization continues to kill the virus, even flash pasteurizers. A previous study about flash pasteurization leaving some live virus has been debunked.
This is an excellent continuously updated resource for all BIAV information: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock

HPAI Updates for the week ending 7/12/24:

To date, 152 dairy farms have confirmed BIAV infections in 12 states.
Starting July 17th, Illinois requires a negative HPAI test in lactating cows before going to a show within the state.
Illinois and Missouri state fairs will not have a milking cow exhibit.
Michigan requires testing of any animals originating from a dairy premise before going to a show. Lactating & dry dairy cattle still cannot be shown.
Missouri state fair requires HPAI milk testing on lactating cows.
Iowa is testing dairy herds within a 20 km radius of affected poultry farms.
Iowa requires a negative HPAI milk test on individual cows, the bulk tank, and sick cows PLUS a health certificate before cows go to a show within the state.
New York and Wisconsin require a negative HPAI milk test in lactating cows within 7 days before going to a show within the state.
Minnesota requires a negative HPAI milk test AND a health certificate in lactating cows within 7 days before going to a show within the state.
Pasteurization continues to kill the virus, even flash pasteurizers. A previous study about flash pasteurization leaving some live virus has been debunked.
This is an excellent continuously updated resource for all BIAV information: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock

HPAI Updates for the week ending 7/5/24:

A Colorado dairy employee has a mild eye infection, which is the 4th confirmed human case of H5N1 in the USA.
Moderna is making an mRNA H5N1 vaccine for humans.
To date, 140 dairy farms have confirmed BIAV infections in 12 states.
Texas, Colorado, Michigan, and Idaho all have 20 or more infected dairy herds. Iowa is up to 11 herds. The spread is slowing in Michigan.
Michigan requires HPAI testing on any animals originating from a dairy premise before going to a show. Lactating & dry dairy cattle still cannot be shown.
Missouri state fair is closing their milking parlor and requiring HPAI milk testing on lactating cows.
Iowa is testing dairy herds within a 20 km radius of affected poultry farms.
Iowa requires a negative HPAI milk test on individual cows, the bulk tank, and sick cows PLUS a health certificate before cows go to a show within the state.
New York and Wisconsin require a negative HPAI milk test in lactating cows within 7 days before going to a show within the state.
Minnesota requires a negative HPAI milk test AND a health certificate in lactating cows within 7 days before going to a show within the state.
Pasteurization continues to kill the virus, even flash pasteurizers. A previous study about flash pasteurization leaving some live virus has been debunked.
This is an excellent continuously updated resource for all BIAV information: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock

HPAI Updates for the week ending 6/28/24:

Starting July 1st, USDA will accept applications for financial assistance for milk loss.
To date, 133 dairy farms have confirmed BIAV infections in 12 states.
Texas, Colorado, Michigan, and Idaho all have 20 or more infected dairy herds. Iowa is up to 11 herds.
Iowa is testing dairy herds within a 20 km radius of affected poultry farms.
Iowa requires a negative HPAI milk test on individual cows, the bulk tank, and sick cows PLUS a health certificate before cows go to a show within the state
New York and Wisconsin require a negative HPAI milk test in lactating cows within 7 days before going to a show within the state.
Minnesota requires a negative HPAI milk test AND a health certificate in lactating cows within 7 days before going to a show within the state.
Pasteurization continues to kill the virus.
This is an excellent continuously updated resource for all BIAV information: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock

HPAI Updates for the week ending 6/21/24:

BIAV has been confirmed in multiple dairy herds in Iowa, Minnesota, Idaho, and Colorado this week.
To date, 116 dairy farms have confirmed BIAV infections in 12 states.
Over 15,000 samples have been tested at accredited labs, plus another 4,300 pre-movement samples.
New York and Wisconsin require a negative HPAI milk test in lactating cows within 7 days before going to a show within the state.
Minnesota requires a negative HPAI milk test AND a health certificate in lactating cows within 7 days before going to a show within the state.
Pasteurization continues to kill the virus.
Funding is available for dairy farms with and without confirmed BIAV infections.
This is an excellent continuously updated resource for all BIAV information: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock

HPAI Updates for the week ending 6/07/24:

A dairy herd in Iowa and a dairy herd in Minnesota have tested positive for H5N1
- The Minnesota dairy farm is in Benton County.
- Two other farms in Sibley and Lincoln County appear to have positive results, but official reports are pending. More information can be found here: https://www.bah.state.mn.us/hpai/#hpai-in-ruminants
In addition to the affected herd disposing of milk from sick cows and isolating them, the MN Board of Animal Health quarantined the herd for 30 days to reduce the risk of disease spread off the farm. After 30 days from the last positive test result, the herd can be retested to be released from the quarantine.
The Iowa dairy farm is in O’Brien County.
The Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship will soon be announcing additional response measures
To date, 84 dairy farms have confirmed BIAV infections in 9 states. Iowa and Minnesota will be added to that list once official results are confirmed through a National Veterinary Services Laboratory.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 5/31/24:

2 more dairy employees were positive for HPAI, both in Michigan. More info below.
USDA launched a voluntary HPAI testing program for dairies. Enrolled farms wouldn't have to test individual dairy cows before moving cows across state lines.
Alpacas tested positive for H5N1.
No additional states have confirmed BIAV infections.
To date, 69 dairy farms have confirmed BIAV infections in 9 states.
Cooking hamburger to 145 degrees F (medium pink) kills the virus.
No live virus has been found in raw ground beef samples.
Pasteurization continues to kill the virus.
Funding is available for dairy farms with and without confirmed BIAV infections.

HPAI Updates for the week ending 5/17/24: